Chapter 2 - The Singing School

The Educated Imagination - Chapter 2 - The Singing School

In the first chapter, Frye described three attitudes with their corresponding languages of expression:
1 - awareness that self is separate from world leads to ordinary conversation
2 - attempt to adapt the environment for survival and comfort leads to informative, practical language
3 - imagination of how things could be leads to the figurative language of art

Early cultures begin by identifying with some kind of deity or magic, so primitive imaginative literature is always in the form of legends or myths. Epic poems and ballads, early Greek drama are two examples.

Writers follow convention. An ancient Greek could not have written To Kill a Mockingbird, he could only express what he knew in the form he knew. Literature can only exist in certain forms: a story has to have a beginning, middle and end. Suspense makes it interesting, the plot revolves around characters. A character usually discovers something about himself as a result of some crucial experience. Detective stories tend to follow a certain formula, romances do, too. Even plots aren't very original. What's original in literature isn't so much what's said as the way they're said within the conventional form.

Writers tend to reference other works and themes and characters to make their own allegories, similes and comparisons. And one story will sound somehow similar to another, or one character will remind us vaguely of a character in another book. It's like all of literature is a complex intertwining of characters. The same themes and the same characters keep on popping up as we read more and more, so that, for someone who reads a lot, literature itself starts to seem like one main theme with a few main characters, and each book is like a variation in the way the story is told.

One recurring theme is a cycle: seasons, water, even life all represent variations of the cycle theme. In myths, heroes may go through a cycle of adventure, and rebirth (perhaps as a constellation.) There's the recurring theme of the female who is sometimes good and beautiful, but can turn treacherous. Loss of identity and regaining it is a popular theme in literature.

Some speculate that all stories are really just reminders of one main story from long, long ago that we can't quite remember, but that we continue to try to recapture (this reminds me of the book Lucy found in the magician's house in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader!) Frye wonders if we somehow sense that we were once in a different place, and we're trying to re-create that place. It might be the Garden of Eden, or Atlantis. We yearn to get back because, in that place, we felt like we belonged and like we were at one with our environment.

Modern literature doesn't try to take us back to that lost place so often. Instead, it describes man's misery. But that still fits with the theme: it's an attempt to drive home the point that we don't belong here, we belong somewhere else. It also reflects that, as we get more civilized and technical, we're getting more absorbed with our day to day routine and contemplating less about our relation to the the universal scheme of things. And the characters and themes in modern literature are less vague and more sharp, more similar to ourselves and the world we know than a vague, misty hint of what we yearn for. They're still the same recurring themes and characters, just portrayed more to modern expectations.